A journey in the footsteps of Finnish history should begin with a visit to Suomenlinna Fortress, one of the country's most important monuments. Built in 1748 on an archipelago of six islands off the coast of Helsinki, this impressive fortification is a true symbol of Finland's turbulent history. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991, Suomenlinna impresses not only with its military architecture, but also with its fascinating history. The fortress was built by the Swedes as a defense against Russian expansion and was originally named Sveaborg ('Swedish Castle'). However, fate willed otherwise - in 1808, during the Finnish War, the fortress surrendered to the Russians without a fight, which was one of the most controversial moments in its history.

Walking around the walls of Suomenlinna, one can admire the massive bastions, mazes of tunnels and courtyards that remember the times of Swedish, Russian and eventually Finnish rule. Of particular interest is the fact that the fortress was never just a military facility - today it is home to some 850 permanent residents, making it a vibrant part of Helsinki. The complex houses as many as six museums, including the Suomenlinna Museum and the Military Museum, which are open year-round and showcase the site's rich history.

Another point on the historical map of Finland is the majestic Turku Castle (Turun linna), the largest surviving medieval building in the country. Its history dates back to the late 13th century, when construction began on the first fortress on the island at the mouth of the Aurajoki River. Over the centuries the castle served a variety of functions - it was a royal seat, a granary and even a prison. In 1318 it was attacked by Russian invaders, just one of many dramatic moments in its long history.

When visiting Turku Castle, you can admire the impressive halls, including the Royal Hall and the castle chapel, which take you back to the days of medieval feasts and court intrigue. Of particular interest are the castle cellars, where you can see an exhibition on medieval torture methods - not for the faint-hearted! Turek Castle is not only a testament to military might, but also a cultural center - for centuries it was a place where art and science flourished, and today houses a museum presenting the history of the Turek region.

It is interesting to note that both Suomenlinna and Turku Castle have witnessed numerous conflicts between Sweden and Russia, which competed for centuries for control of the territory of today's Finland. These two sites provide an excellent introduction to the complex history of the country, which only gained full independence in 1917.

When traveling through historic Finland, it is impossible to miss the charming Porvoo Old Town, one of the country's oldest cities. This picturesque town, located about 50 kilometers east of Helsinki, impresses with its unique atmosphere and perfectly preserved medieval buildings. Walking through Porvoo's cobblestone streets, you'll feel like you're traveling back in time - the red wooden granaries on the Porvoonjoki River are one of the most recognizable sights in all of Finland and have been a symbol of the city since the 18th century.

Porvoo's history dates back to the 13th century, when the town was granted a city charter. Over the centuries, the city developed as an important trading center, and its strategic location on the river promoted the exchange of goods. Of particular interest is the Porvoo Cathedral, dating back to the 15th century, which has witnessed many historical events. It was here that Tsar Alexander I convened the first Finnish Diet in 1809, recognizing Finland's autonomy within the Russian Empire - an event that is considered the birth of Finnish statehood.

Porvoo is also famous for its numerous cafes, boutiques and art galleries, which blend perfectly with the town's historic character. Local legends claim that whispers of former residents can still be heard in some of the old houses, and at night, ghosts of merchants and craftsmen from centuries past appear on the cobblestone streets. Regardless of whether one believes these tales, Porvoo certainly has something magical about it that attracts tourists from all over the world.

Equally fascinating is Old Rauma, another medieval town that was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. It is the largest surviving wooden urban complex in the Nordic countries, with some 600 buildings. Rauma's history dates back to the 15th century, when it was granted city rights, and its development was closely linked to maritime trade and lace-making, a traditional craft that is still cultivated in the city today.

Walking through the narrow streets of Old Rauma, one can admire the colorful wooden houses, the oldest of which date back to the 18th century. Each building has its own unique history and name, often referring to the occupation or name of the former owner. The focal point of the town is the Kauppatori market, where markets have been held for centuries and where you can still buy traditional Finnish handicrafts. Of particular interest is the Holy Cross Church, dating back to the 15th century, with valuable medieval frescoes.

An interesting fact about Rauma is the local dialect, known as 'rauman giäl,' which is very different from standard Finnish and is considered an intangible cultural heritage. Old Rauma also hosts numerous festivals, including the famous Lace Week (Pitsiviikko), which attracts lovers of this traditional craft from all over Europe.

Both Porvoo and Old Rauma offer a unique glimpse into Finnish history from the perspective of the ordinary residents - the merchants, craftsmen and fishermen who have for centuries created the country's cultural identity. These historic towns are the perfect complement to the monumental fortresses and castles, showing a more intimate but equally fascinating side of Finland's past.

To complete your journey through historic Finland, visit Olavinlinna Castle, one of the best-preserved medieval castles in Northern Europe. Built in 1475 by Danish knight Erik Axelsson Tott, this impressive fortress is located on a small island in Lake Saimaa in Savonlinna. The strategic location of the castle is no accident - it was built to protect the Savonia region from Russian attacks, which perfectly illustrates the complicated geopolitical relations in this part of Europe.

Olavinlinna impresses with its monumental architecture - three massive defensive towers, massive walls and a system of fortifications make it very impressive even today. The castle has witnessed numerous conflicts between Sweden and Russia, changing hands many times. Particularly interesting is the fact that despite numerous sieges and battles, it was never taken by force - it always passed into the hands of the enemy as a result of peace treaties.

Visiting Olavinlinna, you can admire not only the defensive architecture, but also learn about the daily life of the medieval castle. The preserved chambers, St. Anne's Chapel and the system of tunnels and passages allow you to imagine what life was like for knights and servants centuries ago. Local legends say that in the castle you can meet the ghost of the 'Black Knight' - the commandant who died during one of the sieges and still guards the walls of Olavinlinna.

Interestingly, this historic monument has gained new life as a cultural center - the famous Savonlinna Opera Festival, one of the most important music festivals in Finland, has been held here since 1912. The acoustics of the castle courtyard are unique, and the opportunity to listen to opera surrounded by medieval walls is an unforgettable experience. This successful symbiosis of history and modern culture shows how Finns are able to make creative use of their historical heritage.

Comparing all the described places, there are some differences and similarities. Suomenlinna and Olavinlinna are primarily military sites, although each represents a different era and architectural style. Turku Castle combines defensive and representative functions, being both a fortress and the seat of rulers. Porvoo and Old Rauma, on the other hand, are examples of historic towns where you can experience the daily life of Finland's former inhabitants.

In terms of accessibility, Suomenlinna is the easiest to visit due to its proximity to Helsinki and regular ferry service. Turku Castle is also located in a major city, making it easy to get to. Olavinlinna requires a bit more planning, as Savonlinna is in a more remote area. Porvoo is a popular day-trip destination from Helsinki, while Old Rauma, located on the west coast, is somewhat less visited by foreign tourists, which can be an advantage for those looking for less crowded destinations.

In terms of cost, visiting historic towns is the cheapest - Porvoo and Old Rauma can be explored without much expense, paying only for any museum admissions. Castles and fortresses require the purchase of entrance tickets, with prices usually affordable, and discounts are often offered for students, seniors and families with children.

Regardless of the route chosen, traveling in the footsteps of Finnish history is a fascinating adventure that allows you to better understand the culture and identity of this Nordic country. Each of the described places tells a different part of Finland's complicated history - from the Swedish rule, through the Russian period, to independence. Together, they form a complete picture of a country that, despite its turbulent past, has managed to preserve its cultural distinctiveness and today is one of the most developed countries in the world.